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What is influenza?
Influenza (or flu) is a highly contagious viral infection and is one of the most severe illnesses of the winter season. An estimated
Influenza is a viral infection of the upper respiratory system, which includes the nose, bronchial tubes, and lungs. Influenza is
characterized by the following:
fever
muscle aches
sore throat
nonproductive cough
Influenza can make people of any age ill. Although most people and children are ill with influenza for only a few days, some have
a much more serious illness and may need to be hospitalized. Influenza may also lead to pneumonia and/or death.
What are the different types of influenza?
Influenza viruses are divided into three types designated as A, B, and C.
Influenza types A and B are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illness that occur almost every winter and are often
associated with increased rates of hospitalization and death. Efforts to control the impact of influenza are focused on types A
and B. One of the reasons the flu remains a problem is because the viruses actually alter their structure, exposing adults and
children to new types of the virus each time.
Influenza type C usually causes either a very mild respiratory illness or no symptoms at all. It does not cause epidemics and
does not have the severe public health impact that influenza types A and B do.
Influenza viruses continually mutate or change, which enables the virus to evade the immune system of a child. People are
susceptible to influenza infection throughout their lives. The process works as follows:
A person infected with influenza virus develops antibody against that virus.
The virus mutates or changes.
The "older" antibody no longer recognizes the "newer" virus.
Reinfection occurs.
The older antibody can, however, provide partial protection against reinfection. Currently, three different influenza viruses
circulate worldwide: two type A viruses and one type B virus. Immunizations given each year to protect against the flu contain the
influenza virus strain from each type that is expected to cause the flu within that year.
What causes influenza?
An influenza virus is generally passed from person to person by airborne transmission. This means your child can contract the
flu by coming in contact with airborne viruses from an affected person by way of sneezing and coughing. The virus can also live
for a short time on objects such as doorknobs, pens/pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils, for
example. Therefore, it may also be spread when your child touches something that has been handled by someone infected with
the virus and then your child touches his/her own mouth, nose, or eyes.
People are generally the most contagious with the flu 24 hours before they start having symptoms and during the time they have
the most symptoms. That is why it is hard to prevent the spread of the flu, especially among children, because they do not
always know they are sick while they are still spreading the disease. The risk of infecting others usually stops around the
seventh day of the infection.
What are the symptoms of influenza?
The following are the most common symptoms of the flu. However, each child may experience symptoms differently.
Influenza is called a respiratory disease, but the whole body seems to suffer when a child has it. Children usually become
suddenly ill with any or all of the following symptoms:
fever, which may be as high as 103° F to 105° F
aches and pains
not feeling well "all over"
headache
cough that is nonproductive
sore throat
stuffy nose or clear nose
worsening cough
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
fatigue
Most people recover from influenza within a week, but may be left feeling exhausted for as long as three to four weeks.
The symptoms of influenza may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child's physician for a
diagnosis.
How is a cold different from the flu?
A cold and the flu (influenza) are two different illnesses. A cold is relatively harmless and usually clears up by itself after a period
of time, although sometimes it may lead to a secondary infection, such as an ear infection. However, the flu can lead to
complications, such as pneumonia and even death. What may seem like a cold, could, in fact, be the flu. Be aware of these
differences:
Cold Symptoms Flu Symptoms
Low or no fever High fever
Sometimes a headache Always a headache
Stuffy, runny nose Clear nose or stuffy nose
Sneezing Sometimes sneezing
Mild, hacking cough Cough, often becoming severe
Slight aches and pains Often severe aches and pains
Mild fatigue Several weeks of fatigue
Sore throat Sometimes a sore throat
Normal energy level Extreme exhaustion
Prevention of influenza:
A new influenza vaccine is introduced each September. It is usually recommended for specific groups of people (see below), as
well as for persons who want to avoid having the flu. In addition, two antiviral medications (Zanimivir and Oseltamivir) are
approved for use in preventing the flu in children. All of these medications are available by prescription, and a physician should
be consulted before any medication is used for preventing the flu.
A nasal-spray flu vaccine, called FluMist, is currently approved to prevent flu due to influenza A and B viruses in healthy children
and adolescents (ages two to 17), and healthy adults (ages 18 to 49). As with other live virus vaccines, FluMist should not be
given for any reason to pregnant women and people with immune suppression, including those with immune deficiency
diseases, such as AIDS or cancer, and people who are being treated with medications that cause immunosuppression. FluMist
also should not be given to the following groups of people:
children less than two years of age
any person with asthma
children less than five years of age with recurrent wheezing
Vaccine effectiveness:
Vaccine effectiveness varies from year to year, depending upon the degree of similarity between the influenza virus strains
included in the vaccine and the strain or strains that circulate during the influenza season. Vaccine strains must be chosen nine
to ten months before the influenza season. Sometimes, changes occur in the circulating strains of viruses between the time
vaccine strains are chosen and the next influenza season. These changes may reduce the ability of the vaccine-induced
antibody to inhibit the newly mutated virus, thereby decreasing the chance that the vaccine will work.
Vaccine effectiveness also varies from one person to another, depending on factors such as age and overall health.
What are the side effects of the vaccine?
The most serious side effect that can occur after influenza vaccination is an allergic reaction in people who have a severe
allergy to eggs. For this reason, children who have an allergy to eggs should not receive the influenza vaccine. According to the
National Center for Infectious Diseases of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), influenza vaccine causes no
side effects in most children who are not allergic to eggs.
Less than one-third of people who receive the vaccine experience some soreness at the vaccination site, and about 5 to 10
percent experience mild side effects, such as a headache or a low-grade fever for about a day after vaccination. Because these
mild side effects mimic some influenza symptoms, some people believe influenza vaccine causes them to get influenza. However,
according to the CDC, "influenza vaccine produced in the United States has never been capable of causing influenza because
the only type of influenza vaccine that has been licensed in the United States to the present time is made from killed influenza
viruses, which cannot cause infection."
Vaccine recommendations:
The recommendations for those who should have the influenza vaccine include the following:
persons 50 years old or older (Vaccine effectiveness may be lower for elderly persons, but it can significantly reduce their
chances of serious illness or death from influenza.)
children six months to 19 years of age
residents of nursing homes and any other chronic care facilities that house persons of any age who have chronic medical
conditions
adults and children who have chronic disorders of the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems, including children with asthma,
cystic fibrosis, and chronic lung disease of infancy (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, BPD)
adults and children who have the following medical conditions:
chronic metabolic diseases (i.e., diabetes)
renal dysfunction
immunosuppression
hemoglobinopathies
children and teenagers (aged 6 months to 19 years) receiving long-term aspirin therapy
women who will be pregnant during the flu season
In addition, the following groups should be vaccinated:
healthcare providers
employees of nursing homes and chronic care facilities who have contact with patients or residents
providers of home care to persons at high risk
household members (including children) of persons in high-risk groups
persons of any age who wish to decrease their chances of influenza infection, excluding persons who are allergic to eggs
Treatment for influenza:
Specific treatment for influenza will be determined by your child's physician based on:
your child's age, overall health, and medical history
extent of the condition
your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
expectations for the course of the condition
your opinion or preference
The goal of treatment for influenza is to help prevent or decrease the severity of symptoms. There is no cure for influenza.
Treatment may include:
medications to relieve aches and fever (Aspirin should not be given to children with a fever without first consulting your child's
physician). The drug of choice for children is acetaminophen (Tylenol).
medications used for congestion and nasal discharge
bed rest
increased fluid intake
medication for your child's cough may be prescribed by your child's physician after a thorough evaluation
antiviral medications - the medications may help to shorten the duration of the illness and to decrease the severity of the flu, but
do not cure the flu. They must be started very shortly after symptoms begin. Two types of these medications are Zanamivir and
Oseltamivir. The length of therapy will be determined by your child's physician.
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| Influenza (or flu) |
